Selected Publications

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Year Paper Title
2000 K. M. Koeller, M. E. B. Smith, Tyrosine sulfation on a PSGL-1 glycopeptide influences the reactivity of glycosyltransferases responsible for synthesis of the attached O-glycan, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 122, 742-743, 2000
2000 T. D. Machajewski, The Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 39, 1352-1375, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, Synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates: enzyme-based and programmable one-pot strategies, Chem Rev, vol. 100, 4465-4494, 2000
2000 V. D. Le, Synthesis of 2-substituted polyhydroxytetrahydropyrimidines (N-hydroxy cyclic guanidino-sugars): transition-state mimics of enzymatic glycosidic cleavage, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 2399-2409, 2000
2000 K. Shibata, K. Hiruma, O. Kanie, Synthesis of 1,1-linked galactosyl mannosides carrying a thiazine ring as mimetics of sialyl Lewis X antigen: investigation of the effect of carboxyl group orientation on P-selectin inhibition, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 2393-2398, 2000
2000 C. Saotome, Y. Kanie, O. Kanie, Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of five-membered iminocyclitols and a pseudodisaccharide, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 8, 2249-2261, 2000
2000 X. L. Sun, Y. Kanie, C. T. Guo, O. Kanie, Y. Suzuki, Syntheses of C-3-modified sialylglycosides as selective inhibitors of influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, Eur J Org Chem, vol. 2643-2653, 2000
2000 M. Li, G. M. Morris, T. Lee, G. S. Laco, A. J. Olson, J. H. Elder, A. Wlodawer, A. Gustchina, Structural studies of FIV and HIV-1 proteases complexed with an efficient inhibitor of FIV protease, Proteins, vol. 38, 29-40, 2000
2000 S. J. Sucheck, RNA as a target for small molecules, Curr Opin Chem Biol, vol. 4, 678-686, 2000
2000 O. Kanie, G. Grotenbreg, Removal of Benzyl Protecting Groups from Solid-Supported Compounds by Hydrogenolysis Using Palladium Nanoparticles, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 39, 4545-4547, 2000
2000 M. D. Burkart, M. Izumi, E. Chapman, C. H. Lin, Regeneration of PAPS for the enzymatic synthesis of sulfated oligosaccharides, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 5565-5574, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, Recycling of sugar nucleotides in enzymatic glycosylation, In: Carbohydrates in Chemistry and Biology, vol. 663-684, 2000
2000 T. L. Sheppard, G. F. Joyce, Nucleoglycoconjugates: design and synthesis of a new class of DNA-carbohydrate conjugates, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 39, 3660-3663, 2000
2000 M. Hendrix, P. Alper, S. Priestley, Nucleic acid binders having an hydroxyamine motif, US Patent, vol. #6,120,997, 2000
2000 Method for synthesizing 2-ketoaldonic acids, US Patent, vol. #6,080,563, 2000
2000 C. H. Lin, Ketoaldonic acids having formed stereogenic centers of R configuration: Methods and Compositions, US Patent, vol. #6,353,095, 2000
2000 T. J. Tolbert, Intein-mediated synthesis of proteins containing carbohydrates and other molecular probes, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 122, 5421-5428, 2000
2000 Z. Zhang, Glycosylation methods: use of phosphites, In: Carbohydrates in Chemistry and Biology, vol. 117-134, 2000
2000 K. D. Kreutter, Enzyme inhibitors, In: Stimulating Concepts in Chemistry, vol. 356-368, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, Emerging themes in medicinal glycoscience, Nat Biotechnol, vol. 18, 835-841, 2000
2000 T. Flessner, Efficient synthesis of triazoles from -arabinose and -fucose, Tetrahedron Lett, vol. 41, 7805-7808, 2000
2000 S. Fong, T. D. Machajewski, C. C. Mak, Directed evolution of D-2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase to new variants for the efficient synthesis of D- and L-sugars, Chem Biol, vol. 7, 873-883, 2000
2000 S. J. Sucheck, W. A. Greenberg, T. J. Tolbert, Design of Small Molecules That Recognize RNA: Development of Aminoglycosides as Potential Antitumor Agents That Target Oncogenic RNA Sequences, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 39, 1080-1084, 2000
2000 S. J. Sucheck, A. L. Wong, K. M. Koeller, D. D. Boehr, K. Draker, P. Sears, G. D. Wright, Design of bifunctional antibiotics that target bacterial rRNA and inhibit resistance-causing enzymes, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 122, 5230-5231, 2000
2000 C. Y. Tsai, X. Huang, Design and synthesis of cyclic sialyl Lewis X mimetics: a remarkable enhancement of inhibition by pre-organizing all essential functional groups, Tetrahedron Lett, vol. 41, 9499-9503, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, Complex carbohydrate synthesis tools for glycobiologists: enzyme-based approach and programmable one-pot strategies, Glycobiology, vol. 10, 1157-1169, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialyl-trimeric-Lewis x, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, vol. 6, 1243-1251, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, M. E. Smith, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of PSGL-1 glycopeptides: sulfation on tyrosine affects glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of the O-glycan, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 8, 1017-1025, 2000
2000 A. Duffels, L. G. Green, R. Lenz, S. V. Ley, S. P. Vincent, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of L-galactosylated dimeric sialyl Lewis X structures employing alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase V, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 8, 2519-2525, 2000
2000 K. M. Koeller, M. E. B. Smith, R. F. Huang, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of a PSGL-1 N-terminal glycopeptide containing tyrosine sulfate and alpha-O-linked sialyl Lewis X, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 122, 4241-4242, 2000
2000 V. Wittmann, A. K. Datta, K. M. Koeller, Chemoenzymatic synthesis and fluorescent visualization of cell-surface selectin-bound sialyl Lewis x derivatives, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, vol. 6, 162-171, 2000
2000 A. Romero, Chemo-enzymatic total synthesis of 3-epiaustraline, australine, and 7-epialexine, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 8264-8268, 2000
2000 M. D. Burkart, S. P. Vincent, A. Duffels, B. W. Murray, S. V. Ley, Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated sugar nucleotide: useful mechanistic probes for glycosyltransferases, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 8, 1937-1946, 2000
2000 S. P. Vincent, A. Schleyer, Asymmetric Strecker synthesis of C-glycopeptide, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 4440-4443, 2000
2000 X. S. Ye, Anomeric reactivity-based one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis: a rapid route to oligosaccharide libraries, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 2410-2431, 2000
2000 Y. C. Lin, Z. Beck, T. Lee, V. D. Le, G. M. Morris, A. J. Olson, J. H. Elder, Alteration of substrate and inhibitor specificity of feline immunodeficiency virus protease, J Virol, vol. 74, 4710-4720, 2000
2000 M. Takayanagi, T. Flessner, A strategy for the solution-phase parallel synthesis of N-(pyrrolidinylmethyl)hydroxamic acids, J Org Chem, vol. 65, 3811-3815, 2000
2000 W. B. Yang, C. H. Tsai, C. H. Lin, The expeditious preparation and reactivity of some protected forms of gluconolactones, Tetrahedron Lett, vol. 41, 2569-2572, 2000
2000 W. B. Yang, Y. Y. Yang, C. F. Teo, C. H. Lin, Regioselective Deprotection of Tert-Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers by Boron Trichloride, Synlett, vol. 2000, 1634-1636, 2000
2000 Cheng TJ, Lin YL, Chiang AS, Lai YK, Association of protein phosphatase 2A with its substrate vimentin intermediate filaments in 9L rat brain tumor cells., Journal of cellular biochemistry, vol. 79(1), 126-138, 2000
2000 C. N. Shen, J. M. Slack, D. Tosh, Molecular basis of transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver, Nature Cell Biology, vol. 2, 879-887, 2000
2000 C. N. Shen, J.M.W. Slack, D. Tosh, Molecular basis of hepatic metaplasia of pancreas, Cell Biology international, vol. 24, 934, 2000
2000 Lu J, Chen SY, Chua HH, Liu YS, Huang YT, Chang Y, Chen JY, Sheen TS, Tsai CH, Upregulation of tyrosine kinase TKT by the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator Zta, J Virol, vol. 74, 7391-7399, 2000
2000 Panneerselvam K, (Lin SC, Liu CL, Liaw YC, Lin JY, Lu TH*, Crystallization of agglutinin from the seeds of Abrus precatorius., ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, vol. 56(Pt 7), 898-899, 2000
2000 K. I. Lin, Y. Lin, K. Calame, Repression of c-myc is necessary but not sufficient for terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 20, 8684-8695, 2000
2000 C. Angelin-Duclos, G. Cattoretti, K. I. Lin, K. Calame, Commitment of B lymphocytes to a plasma cell fate is associated with Blimp-1 expression in vivo, J Immunol, vol. 165, 5462-5471, 2000
2000 J. F. Piskurich#, K. I. Lin#, Y. Lin, Y. Wang, J. P. Ting, K. Calame. #co-first authors, BLIMP-I mediates extinction of major histocompatibility class II transactivator expression in plasma cells, Nat Immunol, vol. 1, 526-532, 2000
2000 T. L. Li, J. M. King, Y. B. Min*, Quenching mechanisms and kinetics of carotenoids in riboflavin photosensitized singlet oxygen oxidation of vitamin D-2, JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 24 (6), 477-492, 2000
2000 Hung, S.-C.; Puranik, R.; Chi, F.-C., Novel Synthesis of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-L-idofuranoside and its Derivatives at C6, Tetrahedron Lett., vol. 41, 77–80, 2000
2000 Hung, S.-C.; Wang, C.-C.; Thopate, S. R., Efficient Synthesis of L-Altrose and L-Mannose, Tetrahedron Lett., vol. 41, 3119–3122, 2000
2000 Hung, S.-C.; Chen, C.-S., Efficient Synthesis of 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-L-idopyranose, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 47, 1257–1262, 2000
2000 J. M. Lee, M. T. Wu, H. H. Hsu, P. W. Yang, W. L. Shu, S. L. You, J. S. Chen, S. P. Luh, C. J. Lee, C. J. Chen, Y. C. Lee*, The etiology of esophageal cancer in Taiwan, Formos J Surg, vol. 33, 261-266, 2000
2000 M. W. Yu*, C. I. Pai, S. Y. Yang, T. J. Hsiao, H. C. Chang, S. M. Lin, Y. F. Liaw, P. J. Chen, C. J. Chen, Role of N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on risk of smoking, Gut, vol. 47, 703-709, 2000
2000 K. H. Morales, L. Ryan*, T. L. Kuo, M. M. Wu, C. J. Chen, Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water, Environ Health Perspect, vol. 108, 655-661, 2000
2000 C. H. Tseng*, T. Y. Tai, C. K. Chong, C. P. Tseng, M. S. Lai, B. J. Lin, H. Y. Chiou, Y. M. Hsueh, K. H. Hsu, C. J. Chen, Long-term arsenic exposure and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan, Environ Health Perspect, vol. 108, 847-851, 2000
2000 M. H. Chang*, W. Y. Shau, C. J. Chen, T. C. Wu, M. S. Kong, D. C. Liang, H. M. Hsu, H. L. Chen, H. Y. Hsu, D. S. Chen, Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatocellular carcinoma rates in boys and girls, JAMA, vol. 284, 3040-3042, 2000
2000 J. M. Lee*, Y. C. Lee, S. Y. Yang, W. L. Shi, C. J. Lee, S. P. Luh, C. J. Chen, C. Y. Hsieh, M. T. Wu, Genetic polymorphisms of p53 and GSTP1, but not NAT2, are associated with susceptibility to squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus, Int J Cancer, vol. 89, 458-464, 2000
2000 M. W. Yu*, H. C. Chang, Y. F. Liaw, S. M. Lin, S. D. Lee, P. J. Chen, T. J. Hsiao, P. H. Lee, C. J. Chen, Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic Hepatitis B carriers and their relatives, J Natl Cancer Inst, vol. 92, 1159-1164, 2000
2000 S. Y. Chen, C. J. Chen, W. Y. Tsai, H. Ahsan, T. Y. Liu, J. T. Lin, R. M. Santella*, Factors associated with serum level of aflatoxin B1–albumin adducts: low plasma selenium level and genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, Nutr Cancer, vol. 38, 179-185, 2000
2000 Y. J. Zhang, S. Y. Chen, W. Y. Tsai, H. Ahsan, R. M. Lunn, L. Y. Wang, C. J. Chen, R. M. Santella*, Expression of cytochrome P450 1A1/2 and 3A4 in liver tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma cases and controls from Taiwan and their relationship to hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1- and 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts, Biomarkers, vol. 5, 295-306, 2000
2000 C. J. Chen*, L. Y. Wang, M. W. Yu, Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region, J Gastroen Hepatol, vol. 15 Suppl, E3-E6, 2000
2000 M. H. Ward*, W. H. Pan, Y. J. Cheng, F. H. Li, L. A. Brinton, C. J. Chen, M. M. Hsu, I. H. Chen, P. H. Levine, C. S. Yang, A. Hildesheim, Dietary exposure to nitrite and nitrosamines and risk of nasopharyngeal cancer in Taiwan, Int J Cancer, vol. 86, 603-609, 2000
2000 D. B. Lin*, T. P. Tsai, C. C. Yang, H. M. Wang, S. C. Yuan, M. H. Cheng, S. L. You, C. J. Chen, Current seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among kindergarten children and teachers in Taiwan, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 31, 25-28, 2000
2000 D. B. Lin, C. P. Tsai*, C. C. Yang, H. M. Wang, W. T. Nieh, U. P. Ling, S. P. Changlai, S. L. You, M. S. Ho, C. J. Chen, Association between seropositivity of antibodies against hepatitis A virus infection and Helicobacter pylori, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol. 63, 189-191, 2000
2000 R. C. Yu, K. H. Hsu, C. J. Chen, J. R. Froines*, Arsenic methylation capacity and skin cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev, vol. 9, 1259-1262, 2000
2000 M. W. Yu*, S. W. Cheng, M. W. Lin, S. Y. Yang, Y. F. Liaw, H. C. Chang, T. J. Hsiao, S. M. Lin, S. D. Lee, P. J. Chen, C. J. Liu, C. J. Chen, Androgen-receptor CAG repeat, plasma testosterone levels, and risk of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, vol. 92, 2023-2028, 2000
1999 X. Zhang, P. B. Rosenthal, F. Formanowski, W. Fitz, H. Meier Ewert, J. J. Skehel, D. C. Wiley, X-ray crystallographic determination of the structure of the influenza C virus haemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein, ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, vol. 55, 945-961, 1999
1999 T. Kimura, Transglycosylation reactions employing a-galactosidase, US Patent, vol. #5,876,981, 1999
1999 P. Sears, K. Witte, The effect of counterion, water concentration, and stirring on the stability of subtilisin BPN ' in organic solvents, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, vol. 6, 297-304, 1999
1999 C. C. Lin, F. Moris-Varas, G. Weitz-Schmidt, Synthesis of sialyl Lewis x mimetics as selectin inhibitors by enzymatic aldol condensation reactions, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 7, 425-433, 1999
1999 D. Depre, A. Duffels, L. G. Green, R. Lenz, S. V. Ley, Synthesis of glycans from the glycodelins: Two undeca-, two deca-, three nona-, an octa- and a heptasaccharide, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, vol. 5, 3326-3340, 1999
1999 K. M. Koeller, Synthesis of biologically active glycopeptides, J Chin Chem Soc, vol. 46, 659-686, 1999
1999 H. Yuasa, H. Hashimoto, Y. Abe, T. Kajimoto, Studies on the unusual stability of cis-2,5-diethoxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane, Tetrahedron, vol. 55, 2193-2204, 1999
1999 W. G. Wu, L. Pasternack, D. H. Huang, K. M. Koeller, C. C. Lin, O. Seitz, Structural study on O-glycopeptides: Glycosylation-induced conformational changes of O-GlcNAc, O-LacNAc, O-sialyl-LacNAc, and O-sialyl-lewis-X peptides of the mucin domain of MAdCAM-1, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 121, 2409-2417, 1999
1999 C. C. Lin, T. Kajimoto, Sialyl Lewis x mimetics incorporating fucopeptides, US Patent, vol. #5,962,660, 1999
1999 S. Takayama, S. J. Chung, Y. Igarashi, Y. Ichikawa, A. Sepp, R. I. Lechler, J. Wu, T. Hayashi, G. Siuzdak, Selective inhibition of beta-1,4- and alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferases: donor sugar-nucleotide based approach, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 7, 401-409, 1999
1999 G. Weitz Schmidt, K. W. Gong, Selectin/glycoconjugate binding assays for the identification and optimization of selectin antagonists, Anal Biochem, vol. 273, 81-88, 1999
1999 Z. Y. Zhang, I. R. Ollmann, X. S. Ye, R. Wischnat, T. Baasov, Programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 121, 734-753, 1999
1999 S. Mao, C. Gao, C. H. Lo, P. Wirsching, K. D. Janda, Phage-display library selection of high-affinity human single-chain antibodies to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens sialyl Lewisx and Lewisx, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, vol. 96, 6953-6958, 1999
1999 C. H. Lin, G. J. Shen, One-pot enzymatic sulfation process using 3?-phosphoadenosine-5?-phosphosulfate and recycled phosphorylated adenosine intermediates, US Patent, vol. #5,919,673, 1999
1999 Y. Ichikawa, Oligosaccharide enzyme substrates and inhibitors: Methods and composition, Canadian Patent, vol. #2,106,301, 1999
1999 Mimics of complex carbohydrates recognized by receptors, Accounts Chem Res, vol. 32, 376-385, 1999
1999 C. C. Lin, T. Woltering, Liposomic sialyl Lewis X mimetics, US Patent, vol. (Allowed), 1999
1999 R.A. Lerner, D. L. Boger, S. J. Henriksen, Inhibitors of oleamide hydrolase, US Patent, vol. #5,856,537, 1999
1999 T. Lee, J.H. Elder, HIV protease inhibitors with small P3 residues. Broad-based Protease Inhibitors Efficacious Against FIV, SIV, US Patent, vol. (Allowed), 1999
1999 D. Slee, K. Laslo, HIV protease inhibitors, US Patent, vol. (Allowed), 1999
1999 S. Hiranuma, O. Kanie, Formation of the 1,2,6-orthoester of mannose and its utilization in the glycosylation reaction, Tetrahedron Lett, vol. 40, 6423-6426, 1999
1999 G. J. Shen, A. K. Datta, M. Izumi, K. M. Koeller, Expression of alpha2,8/2,9-polysialyltransferase from Escherichia coli K92. Characterization of the enzyme and its reaction products, J Biol Chem, vol. 274, 35139-35146, 1999
1999 M. Hendrix, Enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates, In: Bioorganic Chemistry: Carbohydrates, vol. 198-243, 1999
1999 M. D. Burkart, M. Izumi, Enzymatic Regeneration of 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-Phosphosulfate Using Aryl Sulfotransferase for the Preparative Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated Carbohydrates, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 38, 2747-2750, 1999
1999 S. Takayama, B. Orsat, W. Moree, Enantioselective enzymatic protection of amines, US Patent, vol. #5,981,267, 1999
1999 S. P. Vincent, M. D. Burkart, C. Y. Tsai, Z. Y. Zhang, Electrophilic fluorination-nucleophilic addition reaction mediated by Selectfluor: Mechanistic studies and new applications, J Org Chem, vol. 64, 5264-5279, 1999
1999 T. Y. Lee, V. D. Le, D. Y. Lim, Y. C. Lin, G. M. Morris, A. L. Wong, A. J. Olson, J. H. Elder, Development of a new type of protease inhibitors, efficacious against FIV and HIV variants, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 121, 1145-1155, 1999
1999 S. Takayama, S. T. Lee, S. C. Hung, Designing enzymatic resolution of amines, Chem Commun, vol. 2, 127-128, 1999
1999 C. M. Huwe, T. J. Woltering, J. Jiricek, G. Weitz-Schmidt, Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl-substituted sialyl Lewis X mimetics prepared via cross-metathesis of C-fucopeptides, BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 7, 773-788, 1999
1999 W. A. Greenberg, E. S. Priestley, P. S. Sears, P. B. Alper, C. Rosenbohm, M. Hendrix, S. C. Hung, Design and synthesis of new aminoglycoside antibiotics containing neamine as an optimal core structure: Correlation of antibiotic activity with in vitro inhibition of translation, J Am Chem Soc, vol. 121, 6527-6541, 1999
1999 Design and synthesis of carbohydrate mimetics: A new strategy for tackling the problem of carbohydrate-mediated biological recognition, J Chin Chem Soc, vol. 46, 271-281, 1999
1999 M. Famulok, E. L. Winnacker, Combinatorial Chemistry in Biology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 243, 1999
1999 T. D. Machajewski, Chemoenzymatic synthesis of key epothilone fragments, Synthesis, vol. Suppl 1, 1469-1472, 1999
1999 B. Cornils, W. A. Herrmann, R. Schlogl, Catalysis from A to Z-A Concise Encyclopedia, In: Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999